Eating Dangerously Page 22

  19. Alex Ferguson, Food Safety News, “Melamine in Chinese Powered Milk . . . Again.” Last modified January 6, 2010. Accessed April 2013. http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2010/01/melamine-in-chinese-powered-milkagain/.

  20. U.S. FDA, “Pathway.”

  21. Samantha Olson, “Chicken from China Is Approved by USDA for Import into US.” MedicalDaily.com, September 5, 2013. Accessed September 6, 2013. http://www.medicaldaily.com/chicken-china-approved-usda-import-us-255727.

  22. U.S. FDA, FDA’s International Food Safety Capacity-Building Plan. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013.

  23. Ibid.

  24. Ibid.

  25. Racino, “Flood of Food Imported to U.S.”

  26. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “Transforming Food Safety, FDA FY 2013 Budget.” Last modified 2012. Accessed February 2013. http://www .fda.gov/downloads/AboutFDA/ReportsManualsForms/Reports/BudgetReports/UCM301409.pdf.

  27. Margaret Hamburg, MD, FDA commissioner, conference call with U.S. news reporters, July 26, 2013.

  28. Ibid.

  29. U.S. FDA, “Pathway.”

  30. USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service, “FSIS Import Procedures for Meat, Poultry and Egg Products.” Accessed March 2013. http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/production-and-inspection/fsis-import-procedures-for-meat-poultry-and-egg-products/fsis-import-procedures.

  31. Christopher Waldrop, director of Food Policy Institute, Consumer Federation of America, interview by Michael Booth, December 2012.

  32. CBC News, “XL Foods Says Problems Fixed at Plant.” Last modified October 10, 2012. Accessed December 2012. http://www.prepperpodcast.com/xl-foods-fixed-plant/#axzz2g0hpM2NF.

  33. Helen Bottemiller, “Investigation: USDA Quietly Eliminated 60 Percent of Foreign Meat Inspections.” Food Safety News, November 1, 2012.

  34. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “FDA Needs to Fully Implement Key Management Practices to Lessen Modernization Risks.” Last modified March 15, 2012. Accessed December 2012. http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-346.

  35. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “PREDICT Fact Sheet.” Last modified July 2012. Accessed December 2012.

  36. CDC, “Multistate Outbreak of Hepatitis A Virus Infections Linked to Pomegranate Seeds from Turkey.” Last modified August 3, 2013. Accessed August 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/outbreaks/2013/a1b-03-31/index.html.

  37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Salmonella Montevideo Infections Associated with Salami Products Made with Contaminated Imported Black and Red Pepper, U.S., July 2009–April 2010.” Last modified December 2010. Accessed December 2013. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5950a3.htm.

  38. Dschabner, ABC News, “Big Salami Recall Related to Salmonella Outbreak.” Last modified January 2010. Accessed December 2012. www.abcnews .go.com/blogs/headlines/2010/01/big-salami-recall.

  39. Doyle, interview.

  Chapter 5

  1. Jeff Almer, son of PCA peanut butter victim, Shirley Almer, interview by Jennifer Brown, December 2012.

  2. U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Georgia, U.S. v. Stewart Parnell et al. Accessed April 19, 2013. http://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/61201322111426350488.pdf.

  3. Gardiner Harris, “Peanut Products Sent Out before Tests.” New York Times, February 11, 2009. http://travel.nytimes.com/2009/02/12/health/policy/12peanut.html?_r=0.

  4. Bill Meyer, “Peanut Corp. of America Owner Stewart Parnell Refuses to Testify to Congress about Salmonella.” Plain Dealer, February 11, 2009.

  5. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, “Former Officials and Broker of Peanut Corporation of America Indicted Related to Salmonella-Tainted Peanut Products.” Last modified February 21, 2013. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2013/February/13-civ-220.html.

  6. Sabrina Tavernise, “Charges Filed in Peanut Salmonella Case.” New York Times, February 21, 2013.

  7. Nick Miroff and Lyndsey Layton, “Peanut Company Files for Bankruptcy Protection.” Washington Post, February 14, 2009. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009-02-14/news/36869545_1_pca-peanut-products-stewart-parnell.

  8. CDC, “Investigation Update: Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium Infections, 2008–2009.” Last modified May 11, 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/typhimurium/update.html.

  9. Justin Prochnow, attorney, interview by Jennifer Brown, December 2012.

  10. Michael Booth and Jennifer Brown, “Criminal Charges Hard to Pin on Farm Where Listeria-Tainted Cantaloupes Originated.” Denver Post, November 21, 2011.

  11. CNN, “Juice Maker Agrees to Pay Record $1.5M Fine over 1996 E. coli Outbreak.” July 23, 1998. http://money.cnn.com/1998/07/23/companies/odwalla/.

  12. George Raine, “Odwalla Juice Suspect before Death.” San Francisco Examiner, April 8, 1998.

  13. Leonard Buder, “Jail Terms for 2 in Beech-Nut Case.” New York Times, June 17, 1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/17/business/jail-terms-for-2-in-beech-nut-case.html.

  14. Committee on Energy and Commerce, “Chairmen Request More Details on Salmonella Contamination at Wright County Egg.” Last modified September 14, 2010. Accessed April 20, 2013. http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/index.php?q=news/chairmen-request-more-details-on-salmonella-contamination-at-wright-county-egg.

  15. Ryan J. Foley, “Ex-Iowa Egg Farm Manager Pleads Guilty to Bribery.” Associated Press, September 12, 2012.

  16. Ryan J. Foley, “After Salmonella Outbreak, Egg Mogul Will Quit His Farms.” Associated Press, November 22, 2011.

  17. Fred Pritzker, food safety attorney, interview by Jennifer Brown, November 2012.

  18. Michael Booth and Jennifer Brown, “Listeria Outbreak Victims Go Beyond Farm to Target Grocers, Auditors.” Denver Post, November 7, 2011.

  Chapter 6

  1. The information in chapter 6 is a compilation of research and advice from a variety of sources, often converging, but occasionally differing in nuance or calling for more study. When opinions veer or are stated more strongly than others, we have identified sources within the text. Otherwise, a bibliography of the interviews and resources consulted includes the following: Author interviews with Marisa Bunning, assistant professor and food safety extension specialist, Colorado State University; Therese Pilonetti, manager, grocery store inspection unit, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment; Jean Halloran, director of food policy initiatives for the advocacy arm of Consumer Reports; Alicia Cronquist, epidemiologist, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment; Larry Goodridge, assistant professor of microbiology, Colorado State University; Elliot Ryser, professor of food science and human nutrition, Michigan State University; Lydia Medeiros, professor of human nutrition, Ohio State University; Douglas Powell, professor of diagnostic medicine and pathobiology, Kansas State University; Trevor Suslow, extension research specialist, plant pathology, University of California-Davis; Dave Gombas, senior vice president of food safety, United Fresh Produce; Amanda Hitt, director Food Integrity Campaign, Government Accountability Project; Caroline Smith De Waal, director of the Center for Food Safety, Center for Science in the Public Interest; Sandy McCurdy, professor, School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho; Michael Bartolo, extension scientist, Colorado State University; food safety officials at Costco, Whole Foods, Walmart, and King Soopers; Hugh Maguire, chief epidemiologist, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment; Sarah Klein, senior staff attorney for food safety, Center for Science and the Public Interest; Dr. Michelle Barron, head of infectious disease control, University of Colorado Hospital; Aron Hall, DVM, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Sandra Eskin, director, Food Safety Campaign, Pew Charitable Trusts; Alan Lewis, director of special projects and organic compliance, Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage; Christopher Waldrop, director, Food Policy Institute of the
Consumer Federation of America; and Steve Wilson, American Society for Quality.

  Articles consulted include: Jennifer Brown and Michael Booth, “Food-Safety Experts Rethink Advice after Deadly Cantaloupe Listeria Outbreak,” Denver Post, November 14, 2011; food safety guides accessible online from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service; Food and Drug Administration; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and the NSF International Household Germ Study, 2013.

  Chapter 7

  1. Sarah Klein, attorney, Center for Science in the Public Interest, interview by Jennifer Brown, January 2013.

  2. CDC, “Multistate Outbreak of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O26 Infections Linked to Raw Clover Sprouts at Jimmy John’s Restaurants.” Last modified April 3, 2012. Accessed January 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2012/o26-02-12/index.html.

  3. Dan Flynn, Food Safety News, “Jimmy John’s Permanently Dropping Sprouts from Menus.” February 20, 2012. Accessed January 2013. http://www.foodsafety news.com/2012/02/jimmy-johns-gourmet-sandwich-franchise/.

  4. FDA, “Sprouters Northwest, Inc. Recalls Clover Sprouts and Clover Sprout Mixes because of Possible Health Risk.” Last modified January 3, 2011. http://www .fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm238636.htm. Flynn, “Jimmy John’s Permanently Dropping Sprouts from Menus.”

  5. CDC, “Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella I 4,[5],1 2:i: Infections Linked to Alfalfa Sprouts (FINAL Update).” Last modified February 10, 2011. Accessed January 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/i4512i-/021011/.

  6. CDC, “Investigation of an Outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul Infections Linked to Raw Alfalfa Sprouts.” Last modified May 2009. Accessed April 10, 2013.

  7. “Boulder Sandwich Shop Closed over E. coli Outbreak.” Denver Channel, October 9, 2008. Accessed January 2013. http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/boulder-sandwich-shop-closed-over-e-coli-outbreak.

  8. “The Ten Riskiest Foods Regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.” Center for Science in the Public Interest. Accessed January 2013. http://cspinet.org/new/pdf/cspi_top_10_fda.pdf.

  9. FoodSafety.gov, “Sprouts: What You Should Know.” Accessed July 26, 2013. http://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/types/fruits/sprouts.html.

  10. John Painter, CDC, “Attribution of Foodborne Illnesses, Hospitalizations, and Deaths to Food Commodities.” http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/3/11-1866_article.htm.

  11. Glenn Morris, director, Emerging Pathogens Institute at the University of Florida, interview by Jennifer Brown, February 2013.

  12. CDC, “Investigation Update: Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Heidelberg Infections Linked to Ground Turkey.” Last modified November 10, 2011. Accessed February 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/heidelberg/111011/.

  13. Cargill Meat Solutions, “Press Release on Recall.” Last modified August 2011. Accessed February 2013. http://www.cargill.com/news/releases/2011/NA3047807.jsp.

  14. CDC, “Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Hadar Infections Associated with Turkey Burgers.” Last modified April 2011. Accessed July 26, 2013. http://www .cdc.gov/salmonella/hadar0411/040411/.

  15. Federal Register, “HACCP Plan Reassessment for Not-Ready-to-Eat Comminuted Poultry Products and Related Agency Verification Procedures.” Last modified December 2012. Accessed April 9, 2013.

  16. Jennifer Brown, “Concerns Grow over Salmonella That Survives Antibiotics.” Denver Post, December 26, 2011.

  17. Brown, “Concerns Grow over Salmonella That Survives Antibiotics.”

  18. Michael Batz, Sandra Hoffmann, and J. Glenn Morris Jr., Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida. “Ranking the Risks: The 10 Pathogen-Food Combinations with the Greatest Burden on Public Health. 2011.” Accessed April 10, 2013. http://www.epi.ufl.edu/sites/www.epi.ufl.edu/files/RankingTheRisks REPORT.pdf.

  19. Batz et al., “Ranking the Risks.”

  20. Food Safety and Inspection Service, “FSIS Comparative Risk Assessment for Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat Meat and Poultry Deli Meats.” May 2010.

  21. M.-S. Rhee, S.-Y. Lee, R. H. Dougherty, and D.-H. Kang, “Antimicrobial Effects of Mustard Flour and Acetic Acid against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 5 (2003).

  22. Jennifer Brown, “Children’s Illness Stirs Debate on Raw Milk.” Denver Post, September 6, 2010.

  23. Painter, “Attribution of Foodborne Illnesses, Hospitalizations, and Deaths to Food Commodities.”

  24. Dr. Patricia Griffin, chief of enteric diseases at the CDC’s epidemiology office.

  25. CDC, “Update on Multi-State Outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 Infections from Fresh Spinach, October 6, 2006.” Last modified October 2006.

  26. Indiana State Department of Health, “Taco John E. coli Outbreak.” Last modified 2007. http://www.in.gov/isdh/24191.htm.

  27. FDA, “Leafy Greens Safety Initiative Continues (2nd Year).” Last modified 2004. Accessed July 26, 2013. http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllness Contaminants/BuyStoreServeSafeFood/ucm115898.htm.

  28. FDA, “FDA: New Final Rule to Ensure Egg Safety, Reduce Salmonella Illnesses Goes into Effect.” Last modified July 9, 2010.

  29. Gardiner Harris. “Administration Issues New Rules on Egg Safety.” New York Times, July 8, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/08/health/policy/08eggs .html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=egg rule&st=cse&.

  30. “The Ten Riskiest Foods Regulated by the FDA.”

  31. Batz et al., “Ranking the Risks: The Ten Pathogen-Food Combinations with the Greatest Burden on Public Health.”

  32. CDC, “Toxoplasmosis.” Accessed February 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/gen_info.

  33. Painter, “Attribution of Foodborne Illnesses, Hospitalizations, and Deaths to Food Commodities.”

  34. “The Ten Riskiest Foods Regulated by the FDA.”

  35. CDC, “Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Bareilly and Salmonella Nchanga Infections Associated with a Raw Scraped Ground Tuna Product.” Last modified July 26, 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/bareilly-04-12/.

  36. Louisiana Department of Health, “DHH Recalls Oysters and Closes Oyster Harvesting Area.” Last modified May 8, 2012. http://www.dhh.louisiana.gov/index .cfm/newsroom/detail/2484.

  37. Center for Science in the Public Interest, “Gulf Coast Oyster Unsafe (But Not for the Reason You Think): Deadly Vibrio vulnificus Bacteria, Not Oil, Contaminate Gulf Oysters Every Summer.” Last modified June 24, 2010. Accessed June 2010. http://cspinet.org/new/201006241.html.

  38. Scott Harper, “FDA Warning Spurs Push for Stricter Oyster Rules.” Virginian-Pilot, March 29, 2010. http://hamptonroads.com/2010/03/fda-warning-spurs-push-stricter-oyster-rules-va.

  39. Painter, “Attribution of Foodborne Illnesses, Hospitalizations, and Deaths to Food Commodities.”

  40. Elaine Porterfield and Adam Berliant, “Jack in the Box Ignored Safety Rules.” News Tribune, June 16, 1995. Accessed April 10, 2013. http://www.about-ecoli.com/ecoli_outbreaks/news/jack-in-the-box-ignored-safety-rules/. Also, internal Jack in the Box documents online. Last modified January 2013. Accessed July 26, 2013. http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/01/publishers-platform-lessons-learned -the-hard-way/.

  41. “The Ten Riskiest Foods Regulated by the FDA.”

  42. Democratic Policy Committee, “Recent Food Safety Incidents in FDA Regulated Products.” Accessed April 11, 2013. http://dpc.senate.gov/dpcdoc-safety timeline.cfm?doc_name=fs-111-2-58.

  43. FDA, “Cal Fresco, LLC Recalls Jalapeño and Serrano Chili Peppers Due to Possible Health Risk.” Last modified December 21, 2011. http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm284531.htm.

  44. “S & P Company, Limited Recalls Su-nun Crush Roasted Thai Red Pepper Because of Possible Health Risk.” Last modified October 12, 2012. http://www.fda .gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm323812.htm.

  45. CDC, �
�Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Newport Infections Linked to Cantaloupe.” Last modified October 5, 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/typhimurium-cantaloupe-08-12/.

  46. Michael Booth and Jennifer Brown, “Federal Agencies Try to Push Safe-Practice Guidelines, but Melons Still High-Risk.” Denver Post, October 2, 2011. http://www.denverpost.com/recommended/ci_19022225.

  47. G. Lopez-Velasco et al., “Assessment of Root Uptake and Systemic Vine-Transport of Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium by Melon (Cucumis melo) during Field Production.” International Journal of Food Microbiology 158, no. 1 (2012). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22824339.

  Chapter 8

  1. Thomas G. Neltner et al., “Navigating the U.S. Food Additive Regulatory Program.” Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 10, no. 6 (2011): 342–70.

  2. Mark Lynas, “Lecture to Oxford Farming Conference.” Last modified 2013. Accessed April 1, 2013. http://www.marklynas.org/2013/01/lecture-to-oxford-farming-conference-3-january-2013/.

  3. Food and Water Watch, “Unseen Hazards: From Nanotechnology to Nanotoxicity.” Last modified November 2009. Accessed February 2013. http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/europe/questionable-technologies/nanotechnology/unseen-hazards-view-in-full/.

  4. Andrew Pollack, “Dow Corn, Resistant to a Weed Killer, Runs into Opposition.” New York Times, April 25, 2012.

  5. Michael Specter, “The Seed Wars.” The New Yorker, November 2, 2012.

  6. G. Bruening and J. M. Lyons, “The Case of the Flavr Savr Tomato.” California Agriculture 54, no. 4 (2000): 6–7.

  7. Ibid.

  8. Kent Bradford, director, Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, interviewed by Michael Booth, January 2013.

  9. Monsanto, “Monsanto Company History.” Accessed March 2013.

  10. U.S. Government General Accounting Office, “Genetically Modified Foods: Experts View Regimen of Safety Tests as Adequate, but FDA’s Evaluation Process Could Be Enhanced.” Washington, D.C.: GAO, 2002.